Written by: Autumn Walsh (She/Her) MSW, LSW, CCTS
Dysfunctional family units are characterized by unhealthy patterns of behavior and communication that impede emotional and psychological well-being. Research indicates that such environments cause lasting effects on individuals, influencing their future relationships and mental health (Brown, 2020). Dr. Amad, a clinical psychologist, categorizes these dysfunctional families into specific types, each with distinct characteristics and consequences.
The Authoritarian Family
One of the most common dysfunctional family types is the authoritarian family. In this environment, parents exercise strict control over their children, often enforcing rigid rules with little room for negotiation or emotional support. Dr. Amad identifies this style as detrimental, particularly because it fosters fear and obedience in children, stifling their emotional expression (Amad, 2022).
For example, a child raised in an authoritarian household may experience harsh punishments for minor infractions and is discouraged from voicing thoughts or feelings. According to a study by Baumrind (1991), children from this background often develop anxiety, lower self-esteem, and exhibit a range of behavioral issues. Over time, these individuals may struggle with relationships, projecting their learned behavior of control and fear into future interactions.
The Permissive Family
In contrast to authoritarian families, permissive families exhibit a lack of structure and discipline. Parents in these environments tend to be overly lenient, allowing children enormous freedom without adequate guidance. While this might seem nurturing, it can result in a lack of boundaries and self-control among children. Dr. Amad notes that permissive upbringing often leads to children who have trouble managing responsibilities and adhering to societal norms (Amad, 2022).
An illustrative example can be seen in a child from a permissive household who is not taught to respect others’ time. Such a child might frequently be late or forget important commitments, resulting in strained relationships throughout adulthood. Research by Maccoby and Martin (1983) supports these observations, indicating that individuals from permissive backgrounds may face significant challenges in work and personal environments due to irresponsible behaviors.
The Neglectful Family
The neglectful family is often the most harmful type, highlighting a lack of emotional and physical support from parents. In this unit, caregivers may be preoccupied with their issues, leaving children to fend for themselves both emotionally and practically. Dr. Amad’s research suggests that individuals raised in neglectful settings often develop attachment issues and a pervasive sense of worthlessness (Amad, 2022).
A vivid example involves children who, due to negligence, lack consistent guidance or validation. For instance, a young girl who receives little attention at home may grow up believing she is unworthy of love or care, leading her to form dysfunctional relationships as an adult. A study by Dubowitz et al. (2000) found that children from neglectful backgrounds are at a higher risk of developing mood disorders and substance abuse issues.
The Enmeshed Family
Enmeshed families maintain blurred boundaries, where individual members’ identities become intertwined to an unhealthy degree. Here, parents often depend excessively on their children for emotional support, leading to role reversals in which children take on adult responsibilities. Dr. Amad describes the conditions of this family type as leading to anxiety and low self-esteem due to the lack of personal autonomy (Amad, 2022).
An example of an enmeshed family is one where a teenage child is expected to manage their parent’s emotional states, often sacrificing their own needs. These individuals frequently struggle with assertiveness in adulthood, leading to relationships where they feel overwhelmed by emotional demands. According to a study by Minuchin (1974), such dynamics frequently result in poor boundary-setting, leading to unhealthy partnerships as individuals struggle to differentiate their needs from their partners.
Consequences of Dysfunctional Families
The repercussions of growing up in a dysfunctional family are profound, contributing to patterns of trauma that can shape an individual’s psychological landscape. Research by Roisman et al. (2007) reveals that individuals from these backgrounds often develop maladaptive coping mechanisms and are more prone to mental health issues, including anxiety and depression.
Additionally, the inability to form healthy relationships can persist into adulthood. For instance, an individual who experienced an authoritarian upbringing may enter intimate relationships characterized by control and fear, perpetuating the cycle of dysfunction (Brown, 2020). Conversely, those from neglectful backgrounds may engage in avoidance strategies, leading to emotionally detached relationships.
In summary, the dynamics within dysfunctional family units profoundly impact individual development and future relationship patterns. By identifying and understanding these types, as described by Dr. Amad and supported by various research studies, we can begin addressing the long-term effects of such environments, fostering healing and healthier interactions.
If you or someone you know is interested in exploring more about their family, make an appointment with one of our therapists by emailing info@elementspgh.com or calling 412-336-8832.
The information contained in this blog does not replace professional treatment or diagnosis and is for educational purposes only.
References
Amad, D. (2022). Understanding Family Dynamics: A Guide for Mental Health Professionals. Clinical Psychology Press.
Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95.
Brown, T. (2020). Healing from Dysfunctional Families: The Road to Recovery and Healthy Relationships. Family Therapy Journal.
Dubowitz, H., et al. (2000). Neglecting children: A new definition. Pediatrics, 105(4), 879-883.
Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 1-101). Wiley.
Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and Family Therapy. Harvard University Press.
Roisman, G. I., et al. (2007). The development of maladaptive patterns of attachment in childhood: The interplay between biological and social factors. Attachment & Human Development, 9(2), 201-220.
